Cities In Europe Essays - Prefectures In France, Bordeaux, Aquitaine

Cities In Europe Provence By Raquel Mendoza Provence has been called a bridge between the past and the present, where yesterday blends with today. This beautiful place lies in the southern part of France, and is bordered on the east by Italy , on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the west by the Rhone River. The area abounds with flower fields, vineyards, orchards, and olive and mulberry groves. Along the seacoast is the French Rivera and the Ports of Marseille and Toulon. Provence has its own language and its own customs. The region originally formed part of a Roman province called Provincia Romana, built in the 120 B.C. It was passed into the possession of several ancient Germanic peoples, the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths, and the Frankish kings. In 879 AD. the area was incorporated into the kingdom of Provence, sometimes call Cisjurane Burgundy, and in the 10th century into the e kingdom of Arles. After being ruled by the house of Anjou from about 1245 to 1482, the region came into the possession of King Louis XI of France, and in 14856 it was annexed to the French Kingdom. Provence was a province until the French revolution, after which the area was distributed among several departments. The Greeks and Romans first filled the landscape with cities boasting Hellenic theaters, roman baths, amphitheaters, and triumphal arches. These were followed in medieval times by Romanesque fortresses and gothic cathedrals. In the 19th century Provence's light and landscapes attracted painters like Cezzanne and Van Gogh. Despite the changes over the years, Provence will be remembered as the bridge between the past and the present. On the Garonne River, the great port of Bordeaux, the Capital of Aquitaine, is the center of the world's most important wine producing areas. It attracts many visitors to the offices of wine exporters there, most of whom welcome guests. Bordeaux is a city of warehouses, factories, mansions, and exploding suburbs. Now the fifth largest city of France is Bordeaux. Bordeaux was for 300 years a British possession, and even today's it's called the most UN-French of French cities, though the same has been said of Strasbourg. The local airport , Bordeaux Merignac, is served by flights from as far away as London and New York. A shuttle bus connects the airport with the train station, departing 30 minutes from 5:30 to 10:00pm, costing $35F one way. Your tour can begin at Place de La Comedie, at the very heart of this old city, a busy traffic hub that was once the site of Roman temple. On this square one of the great theaters of France, The Grand Theater, was built between1773 and 1780. From here you could walk north to esplanade des Quinconces, laid out between 1818 and 1828, it is the largest square of its kind in Europe, covering nearly 30 acres. The Musee des Beaux Arts has an outstanding collection ranging from the 15th to the 20th century. Works by Perugina, Titian, Rubens, Veronese, Delacroix, Gros , Redon, and Lhote are displayed. The museum is open from 10 to 6 P.M. and the admission is 18f per person. The Pont de Pierre, with 17 arches , stretches 1,594 feet across the Garonne and is one of the most beautiful bridges in France. Ordered built by Napoleon I in 1813, the bridge can be crossed on foot for a fine of the port. But for a better view I suggest the tour of the port, which lasts for about 1 1/2 hours. Toulouse city in southern France, capital of Haute-Garonne, on the Garonne River and the Canal du Midi. It is a major commercial, transportation, and manufacturing center, noted for the production of aircraft and aerospace equipment. Other products are chemicals, clothing, electrical machinery, and farm implements. Places of interest in Toulouse include the largest Romanesque Basilica of saint Sernin, which contains the tomb of St. Thomas Aquinas; the Gothic Cathedral of Saint Etienne; and the church of Notre Dame la Blanche. The city also contains many mansions in the Renaissance style; these include the Hotel Felzins, the Maison dePierre, and the Hotel d'Assezat et de Clemence -Isaure.

The Inventing Life of Thomas Jefferson

The Inventing Life of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell in Albemarle County, Virginia. A member of the Continental Congress, he was the author of the Declaration of Independence at the age of 33. After American independence was won, Jefferson worked for the revision of the laws of his home state of Virginia, to bring them into conformity with the freedoms embraced by the new Constitution of the United States. Although he had drafted the states Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom in 1777, Virginias General Assembly postponed its passage. In January 1786, the bill was reintroduced and, with the support of James Madison, passed as An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom. In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated his old friend John Adams to become the third president of the new United States. An inveterate collector of books, Jefferson sold his personal library to Congress in 1815 in order to rebuild the collection of the Congressional Library, destroyed by fire in 1814. The last years of his life were spent in retirement at Monticello, during which period he founded, designed, and directed the building of the University of Virginia. Jurist, diplomat, writer, inventor, philosopher, architect, gardener, negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase, Thomas Jefferson requested that only three of his many accomplishments be noted on his tomb at Monticello: Author of the Declaration of American IndependenceAuthor of the Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomFather of the University of Virginia Thomas Jeffersons Design for a Plow President Thomas Jefferson, one of Virginias largest planters, considered agriculture to be a science of the very first order, and he studied it with great zeal and commitment. Jefferson introduced numerous plants to the United States, and he frequently exchanged farming advice and seeds with like-minded correspondents. Of particular interest to the innovative Jefferson was farm machinery, especially the development of a plow which would delve deeper than the two to three inches achieved by a standard wooden plow. Jefferson needed a plow and method of cultivation that would help prevent the soil erosion that plagued Virginias Piedmont farms. To this end, he and his son-in-law, Thomas Mann Randolph (1768-1828), who managed much of Jeffersons land, worked together to develop iron and mould  board plows that were specifically designed for hillside plowing, in that they turned the furrow to the downhill side. As the calculations on the sketch show, Jeffersons plows were often based on mathematical formulas, which helped facilitate their duplication and improvement.​​​ Macaroni Machine Jefferson acquired a taste for continental cooking while serving as American minister to France in the 1780s. When he returned to the United States in 1790 he brought with him a French cook and many recipes for French, Italian, and other au courant cookery. Jefferson not only served his guests the best European wines, but he liked to dazzle them with delights such as ice cream, peach flambe, macaroni, and macaroons. This drawing of a macaroni machine, with the sectional view showing holes from which dough could be extruded, reflects Jeffersons curious mind and his interest and aptitude in mechanical matters. Other Inventions of Thomas Jefferson Jefferson designed an improved version of the dumbwaiter. While serving as George Washingtons secretary of state (1790-1793), Thomas Jefferson devised an ingenious, easy, and secure method to encode and decode messages: the Wheel Cipher. In 1804, Jefferson abandoned his copying press and for the rest of his life used exclusively the polygraph for duplicating his correspondence.

Diversity (cultures) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diversity (cultures) - Essay Example Usually, the need to form a team arises from the need either to get things done more efficiently, using lesser time and effort (Mattson, 1998). And with this, the idea of a cross-cultural team sprouted up. Studies and researches were done to understand whether it would be of competitive advantage for a certain company if there are team members from different cultural backgrounds and how such differences can be understood and will not pose any problem for the company. With the continuing movement of the economy - may it be a decline or growth - every businesses and companies are using every possible means to keep the company at a stable end. Every organization must have the capability to adapt to the movement of the market and the ever-changing needs of the customers. However, an organization can only do this if the people - the very members of the workforce - are working smoothly as a team. Moreover, now that diversity in the workforce is seen as advantage rather than a problem, management have been seeking every possible means to maintain the competitiveness of each and every member of the workforce, thereby benefiting the company in the end (Becker, 1964). Diversity in the workplace has taken on a new face today. ... Moreover, now that diversity in the workforce is seen as advantage rather than a problem, management have been seeking every possible means to maintain the competitiveness of each and every member of the workforce, thereby benefiting the company in the end (Becker, 1964). Diversity in the workplace has taken on a new face today. Nowadays, workplace diversity is no longer just about the issue of anti-discrimination compliance. Leveraging workplace diversity is increasingly seen as a vital strategic resource for competitive advantage of the people and of the business. More companies are linking workplace diversity to their strategic goals and objectives. Because of this, the human resource department (HRD) plays a key role in diversity management and leadership to create and empower an organizational culture that fosters a respectful, inclusive, knowledge-based environment where each employee has the opportunity to learn, grow and meaningfully contribute to the organization's success (Jayne and Dipboye, 2004). Organizations intending to introduce multiculturalism in their workforce have two avenues of guidance. Organizations can base their structures on multicultural pedagogy and team management theory to help them prepare for an increasingly diverse workforce. Companies can benefit from academic studies, which have already provided an outline of difficulty. Pedagogical methodologies facilitate the re-conception of the relationship between the self and the 'other', and the active participation in the learning process. On the other hand, industry's team management theory, which recommends participatory structures over hierarchical structures, offers methods for

The economy of Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The economy of Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Saudi Arabia is promoting business privatization to facilitate economy diversification and national employment. Attempts at diversification center on energy production, telecommunications, natural gas breakthrough, and petrochemical divisions. In the country’s oil industry and service divisions, around 5.5 million employees are from foreign countries. Saudi government is principally centered on providing work for the big youth populace, which is deficient in education and technological expertise. Riyadh has maximized expenditures on job training and education, particularly with the opening of the King Abdallah University of Science and Technology, the country’s primary co-educational institution of higher education. To increase business ventures on foreign goods and services, Saudi Arabia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2005. The government started launching "economic cities" throughout the country to encourage economic growth. In 2004-2008, the continuing increase in the world’s oil price earned Saudi Arabia sufficient financial reserves to cope with worldwide financial disaster. However, in 2009, its economic development was hampered due to strict global credit, declining oil prices, and the large-scale economic crisis. This impediment delayed several economic expansion plans. Saudi establishments sustained the banking division throughout the global crisis by directing asset investments into banks, decreasing rates, and openly confirming Saudi administrations security of bank deposits (â€Å"Middle East: Saudi Arabia†). Saudi Arabia is the world’s biggest producer and exporter of petroleum. The oil industry was discovered in the 1930s but was commercially produced after World War II. In 1951, the Arabian-American Oil Company (ARAMCO) was established, granting 50% net earnings to Saudi Arabia. Since the 1960s, petroleum brought huge revenues to the Saudi

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example uthor, difficulty of identifying a causal effect is aggravated due to lack of conclusive theories, which enable researchers worldwide to regard a specific corporate governance code as good or bad. Corporate governance framework established within companies need to incorporate core values of accountability, transparency, responsibility and fairness (ACCA, â€Å"Disclosures on corporate governance†). Even so, reported high profile financial scandals such as, those of Enron and WorldCom, suggest that the framework was not implemented at all. Weak corporate governance and untrustworthy financial reporting were cited as major reasons behind these scandals. These facts called for the need to establish robust corporate governance framework among organizations all over the world. Following this incidents, many laws were passed such as, Cadbury Report in United Kingdom, Sarbanes Oxley Act in the United States, the Dey Report in Canada, the Vienot Report in France, the Olivencia Report in Spain, the King’s Report in South Africa, Principles and Guidelines on Corporate Governance in New Zealand and the Cromme Code in Germany. Some authors claim that these laws have proven to be immensely successful in achieving objectives of transparent financial reporting; whereas, some authors have conveyed their options against efficacy of these laws. A significant proportion of research has investigated whether quality of financial reporting is influenced by various disclosure requirements of corporate governance. The results of these empirical researches are mixed. For example, research done by Armstrong, et al (2010) fails to provide conclusive results regarding ways in which managerial compensation influences quality of financial reporting. Cheng and Warfield (2005) have pointed out that a negative relation exists between managerial incentives and the standard of financial reporting. According to them, managerial incentives are amplified on the basis of their performance and not

Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastrointestinal Tract Disorder

Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastrointestinal Tract Disorder Peptic ulcers are one of the most common gastrointestinal tract disorders. The recent past few decades have witnessed an increase in the rate of peptic ulcers occurrence in our human community (Thompson, 1996). It has evidently been shown from available statistics that an approximated over 10 percent of the human population are extremely at risk of suffering from the disease at some point in their lifetime (Cohen, 2007). Such statistics have also identified that peptic ulcers is more common in men than in women. This is attributed by many to the higher numbers of men engaged in alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking in the society compared to women (NDDIC, 2004). A peptic ulcer is a sore wound or red erosion area on the coating lining of the stomach called (gastric ulcer) or the small intestine called (duodenal ulcer). Duodenal ulcers tend to occur between the ages of 25 75, while gastric ulcers peak between the ages of 55 and 65. Other causes which have been associated with the dis ease include infections by helicobacter pylori. This is a bacterium which is known to attack the gastrointestinal tract thus leading to ulcers. However, it should be noted that genetic factors have also been claimed to cause peptic ulcer. There are many effects of peptic ulcer in the human body. Such include recurrent pains along the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting heartburns poor appetite and weight loss among others (The American College of Gastroenterology, 2009). It should however be realized that with our modern advancements in the medical field the treatment of peptic ulcers is now effective and sufficiently reliable. Such treatments might involve medication, dictated lifestyle, dietary supplements and undergoing surgical operation depending on the severity of the condition. Peptic ulcer disease had a great effect on morbidity and mortality until the last decades of the 20th century, when epidemiological trends started to point to a remarkable fall in its incidence. In addition, two important developments are associated with the decrease in rates of peptic ulcer disease: the discovery of effective and strong acid suppressants, and of Helicobacter pylori. The treatments of peptic ulcer disease have been changed with the discovery of the causes of peptic ulcer (Malfertheiner, P. Chan, F. McColl, K. 2009). Although significant advances in sciences, this disease remains an important medical problem, because the large use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive smoking, increase alcohol consumption, and life style that increase the risk of the disease. Therefore, this explains the reason for choosing this topic in order to promote healthy behavior and improve health outcomes throughout lifespan by giving attention to the preventive measures. This paper is written as a critical analysis and discussion of peptic ulcers disease. It gives a discussion on the causes and effects of peptic ulcers in the human body. Still discussed are the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease as well the common types of peptic ulcers that are found in the society. Peptic Ulcers Overview First is a definition of peptic ulcer and its types. An ulcer can be defined as; an area in digestive system where the tissue has been damaged or destroyed by stomach acid and other digestive enzyme. Peptic ulcer disease is a common term for ulcers that occur either in the stomach or upper part of the small intestine. A peptic ulcer is a lesion or open sore in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The digestive enzyme which is acidic and is secreted by the stomach cells oxidized the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) causing ulcer. Therefore, eroding can be seen in the mucous membrane which is lining the digestive tract. Moreover, this will lead to cause a gradual breakdown of tissue. This breakdown causes a concerning or burning pain in the upper middle part of the abdomen (Stratemeier, 2009). Even though most of peptic ulcers are small in size, ulcers average between one-quarter and one-half inch in diameter they can cause a significant amount o f symptoms and discomforts. It is to be noted here that the pain caused by peptic ulcers is recurrent and may come and go for a few days or weeks but mainly goes after eating. In addition, there are two different types of peptic ulcers namely; duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers. Stomach or gastric ulcers is the type of peptic ulcers which mainly affects the stomach while duodenal ulcers affect the upper most part of the small intestine near the stomach. Ulcers can happen at any age, although they are rare in children and teenagers. Duodenal ulcers usually occur twice as common in men more than women. On the other hand, stomach or gastric ulcers usually occur in people older than 60 years and are more common in women (Stratemeier, 2009). It is difficult to estimate exactly how common peptic ulcers are because so many people they will not suffer from any symptoms. However, a study that tested 1,000 adults at random found that four per cent of them had a peptic ulcer (NHS Choices, 2009 ). Causes Second is a discussion on the causes of peptic ulcers. To start with, in the normal lining of the stomach and small intestines there are a protective process from auto digestion by the gastric mucosal barrier, this gastric mucosal barrier will prevent the irritating acids from diffusing back to the underlying tissue. This defensive process can stop working properly, and the lining of the stomach or intestine breaks down for different reasons. Scientific evidence has sufficiently proved that peptic ulcers are caused by the malfunctioning of the stomachs natural lining protection mechanisms against the damage effects of digestive juices (NDDIC, 2004). Such malfunctioning have been claimed to be caused by a number of factors, like is the helicobacter pylorus, a bacterial organism which is the most frequent cause of peptic ulcers. This bacterium mainly eats the protective lining of the gastrointestinal tract. This allows the digestive juice produced by the human body to damage the inner and sensitive part of the stomach or duodenum lining thus causing pain. Just to be stated here is the evidence that though helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of peptic ulcers, there are many people in our population living with the bacteria but do not exhibit signs of the disease (Thompson, 1996). Still clear is that H. pylori is believed to be transmitted through oral to oral contact, so those living in crowed areas increases ones chances of contracting the infection. Another common cause of peptic ulcers is the continuous use of painkiller drugs such as, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scientific evidence has clearly shown that such drugs are highly acidic and thus can easily lead to the wearing out of the digestive system lining (NDDIC, 2004). Still evident is the fact that this type of drugs blocks the flow of prostaglandins in the human body. It should be understood that this is the substance which is responsible for helpin g the flow of blood in the stomach and thus it helps in protecting the stomach from injury. This means that such drugs can compromise the stomach lining protection mechanism of the body and thus risking the occurrence of peptic ulcers in the body (Lanza, Chan, Quigley, 2009). Other causes of peptic ulcers include Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. This is commonly said to be a condition in which the pancreas and duodenum which are responsible for the production of gastric acid have a tumor. Such leads to the excessive production of gastric acid which is responsible for digestion of food in the stomach, a factor which might risk causing ulcers (Dugdale, D. Zieve, D. 2008). In adding together, it has been evidently noted that peptic ulcers are genetic. Therefore, if you have a family history of ulcers or the blood type O, you are more likely to get a duodenal ulcer (Shayne Miller, 2009). Still established is the fact that cigarette smoking and excessive intake of alcohol are not only a ca use of peptic ulcers but also a great threat to the efficient treatment of ulcers. Apart from the many causes of peptic ulcers, are any thing that leads to the direct damage of the digestive wall lining. Such might include physical injury or even radiation therapy. Likewise, a very sick patient who is on a ventilator support is at high risk for a condition called stress ulceration. It is here to be noted that unlike many belief, diet has not been scientifically proven to cause peptic ulcers (Dugdale, D. Zieve, D. 2008). The last and most common factor to peptic ulcers is living in chronic stress or depression (Shayne Miller, 2009). This has been claimed to lead to the excess production of digestive acids thus eating out the stomach lining. Sign and Symptoms Thirdly is a discussion on the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcers. The most common symptom of peptic ulcers is having recurrent abdominal pains which are marked with a burning sensation. Such pains are located in the upper middle part of the abdomen. Also it can be felt like burning or gnawing and it may radiate to the back. It can be aggravated when the stomach is empty, and can worse at night and early morning. Another sign is the constant experiencing of heartburns and indigestion. It is to be noted that though peptic ulcers are more painful when the stomach is empty, such are a leading cause of lack of appetite and vomiting on the individual. Peptic ulcers are also attributed to the sudden loss of body weight in (gastric ulcer) because eating does not relieve the pain and could still worsen it. Yet (duodenal ulcers) will lead to gain weight because the patient eats to relieve pain (Lanza, Chan, Quigley, 2009). Other symptoms of peptic ulcers include the following: discomfort, B loating, and feelings of fullness. Added more symptoms are, feeling of an empty in the stomach, regurgitation (feeling of acid backing up into the throat), and belching. Still to be noted is that peptic ulcers have been closely associated with chest pains and feelings of fatigue. It should however be noted that some symptoms like sudden increase in abdominal pains, vomiting of blood and blood in stool are considered as critical signs of chronic peptic ulcers. All this signs are symbolic of the possibility that ulcers have either broken a blood vessel or perforated the stomach or duodenum walls. Such could also be as a result of the blockage of food from moving from stomach into the duodenum and thus causing vomiting (The American College of Gastroenterology, 2009). Effects of Peptic ulcer Peptic ulcers have many effects in the victims life. The most common is the fact that ulcers in most cases can not be full treated. They are usually recurrent particular to alcohol abusers and smokers. Just to be stated is that the majority of people with chronic ulcers experience considerable pain and sleeplessness; this can have a remarkable and adverse impact on their quality of life (Thompson, 1996). Another effect of peptic ulcers in the body is that they can lead internal bleeding especially when they perforate the stomach lining or break a blood vessel. Peptic ulcers can cause the ultimate obstruction of the gastric outlet, stomach and intestines as well as leading to the inflammation of tissues lining the abdomen. This leads to a serious health complication which might call for a surgical operation or even death (Cohen, 2007). Peptic ulcers if not treated early enough can penetrate into other internal body parts like liver as well as the pancreas and cause severe back pain. I t has also been found out that peptic ulcers can lead to perforation of the wall of the digestive system thus leading to the spilling of digestive system contents into the abdominal cavity. Such are very catastrophic to the patients life as can lead to acute peritonitis (The American College of Gastroenterology, 2009). It should also be noted that peptic ulcer can lead to the swelling of the abdominal wall thus compromising the free flow of food in the digestion system. Lastly, it has been established that peptic ulcers are a great contributing factor in causing peptic cancer. Such could mean a lifetime health complication on the person. This is because even after undergoing surgery operation for treating the problem, it is rarely possible for the individual to fully assume his or her normal lifestyle (NDDIC, 2004). Diagnosis Owing to our modern advancements in technology and medical research, the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of peptic ulcers has been made easier and more reliable. The diagnosis of peptic ulcers mainly involves an interview by the doctor to identify the presence of the many symptoms and signs of the condition. Such include recurrent abdominal pains, vomiting and blood in the patients stool (Cohen, 2007). It should however be noted that for a doctor to qualify a patient to be suffering from peptic ulcer requires for a number of medical tests. The first is the esophagogastroduodenoscopy which involves the insertion of a thin tube attached to a camera through the patients mouth into the digestive system. This helps the doctor to see the presence of sore in the stomach and small intestine walls. It should be noted here that helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of peptic ulcers (NDDIC, 2004). It is due to this reason that the doctor might take a biopsy from the patients stomach walls to test for the presence of the bacterium. Another test which is conducted is the upper G1 test. This involves a series of x-rays on the patients abdomen and is usually conducted after the patient has taken barium (Shayne Miller, 2009). It should be understood that the doctor might also request for a laboratory test of both blood and stool. The stool test seeks to establish the presence of blood in the patients stool while the hemoglobin test checks for anemia. All this tests are conducted as a way of ascertaining the level of the condition which helps in deciding the type of medication to be used. Treatment Treating of peptic ulcers has been greatly improved not only due to our medical advancements but due to the identification of the two major causes of disease among other risk factors. The treatment of peptic ulcers is mainly conducted as a concern for eliminating the underlying causes of the disease. This is because such an approach prevents any further damage and thus reducing chances of reoccurrence of the condition. Therefore, medication is mainly given for eliminating the helicobacter pylori bacteria as well as helping the body overcoming the symptoms of peptic ulcers. Many antacids are available without a prescription, since they are the first drugs suggested to alleviate heartburn and mild digestive disorders. Antacids are not useful to prevent or heal the ulcers; however they are able to assist in the neutralizing stomach acid. When the cause for the ulcer is H. pylori infection, a three-drug course of therapy for two weeks is the standard therapy for curing. This three-drug c ourse of therapy consists of two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). The most common antibiotics usually used to treat H. pylori infections are amoxicillin, or metronidazone. Proton pumps inhibitor (PPI) therapy (such as omeprazole or lansoprazole) these are drugs that reduce acid secretion by inhibiting the gastric acid pump. Other medications may include one or more of the following: Acid blockers (such as cimetidine or ranitidine) (NDDIC, 2004). However, if a peptic ulcer bleeds severely, an Endoscopy might be needed to stop the bleeding. Otherwise if the bleeding cannot be stopped with an Endoscopy, surgery might be essential. This involves the physical removal of the sores in the stomach or duodenum through endoscopy. A further surgical procedure is vagotomy which is cutting one or more branches of the vagus nerve to reduce hydrochloric acid secretion (Dugdale, D. Zieve, D. 2008). Apart from medication and surgery as ways of treating peptic ulcers, doctors usually a dvice on self-control from risk factors by the patient. These mainly include alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking as well as changes in diets. It has been evidently proved that taking of foods rich in fibers greatly reduces chances of sustaining peptic ulcers Prevention It should be noted that prevention is better than cure. It is therefore mainly advised that people avoid risk factors which can lead to peptic ulcers. In the past, it was broad way to tell people with peptic ulcers to change the way of eating habits by consuming small amount of meals, and frequent amounts of bland foods. Also people can stay away from peptic ulcers by avoiding things that increase stomach acid secretion and break down the stomachs protective barrier. These things include alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs along with aspirin. For preventing H. pylori caused peptic ulcers, people are advised to avoid living in crowded places, avoid contaminated water or food, and stick to strict principles of precautions as well as personal hygiene (NDDIC, 2004). Furthermore some evidence suggests that exercise may help reduce the risk for ulcers in some people. Other than, stress relief programs have not been shown to promote ulcer healin g, but they may have other health benefits (Stratemeier, 2009). In conclusion, it has been evidently established that peptic ulcers is becoming a common disease across the globe. Which can affect quite a lot of people especially Cigarette smokers and alcohol consumers. In addition the main causes of this disease are helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It has however been clear recognized that there are many risk factor to the disease. Men are more victims to the disease as opposed to women (NDDIC, 2004). Such have been mainly attributed to genetic and hormonal composition of men as well as to the high prone rate of men to risk factors as compared to women. It was also clear that the ulcer caused by numerous reasons, and these reasons leading to several effects such as bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. However, peptic ulcers can be cured and even prevented if the patients are ready to modify their lifestyle and stick to their drug remedy. At last, the need for health educational activities is compulsory to increase the perception and awareness about the disease in the society.

The War of 1812 Essays -- History, The Battle of Baltimore

The War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain. This all started on June 12, 1812 and finished sometime in 1815. Many of the battles were on land but also there were a lot of sea battles. The United States declared War because there were many different disputes among the two countries. The main target for the British is the American ships (War of 1812, 2). The battle of Baltimore was one of the most important battles of the war. The U.S. Naval forces were under Commodore Macdonough. They beat a British fleet at Lake Champlain. Baltimore was home of U.S. privateers and also, Baltimore was the third largest city in the U.S. On September twelfth, the British ships arrive at Baltimore. They were under command by General Ross(War of 1812, 2). The Battle of Raisin River was on January twenty first, 1813. General Winchester was the commander of the United States forces. In this battle, the U.S forces were in three different divisions in order to attack the British forces at the right time in Detroit. One of the groups went off mission and went to find food and a place to sleep because of the cold weather. There were 700 Kentuckians. They eventually went to a battle and captured a Frenchtown market and set up camp there. It was a very bad defense system. Because of that, they were attacked by 1,200 Brits and 1400 Indians. Around 15 U.S. troops escaped. At the end of the battle, the U.S had 100 dead and around 500 troops held captive. They then surrendered to British Colonel Henry A. Proctor (American History, 4). The Battle of Lake Erie was fought on September 10, 1813. The U.S. forces were under command of Perry. Th... ...ort Malden, but he failed to take it. He then moved on and the British had more troops moving in and Hull surrenders to the British (War of 1812, 1). The War of 1812 ended in 1815 (War of 1812 Web, 2). Some people say that the British won the war and the Americans lost but to me, it is an even match only because the Treaty of Ghent and most of the War was over by that reason. The Americans got a lot of respect for withstanding the British Empire. The country had a great outcome even though the American’s lost a lot of troops, the government help strong. There are many heroes in the War of 1812, but the most recognized ones are, Judah Touro, a Philanthropist, Jean Lafitte, a Buccaneer leader, Uriah Phillips Levy, the first Jewish Commodore of the U.S. Navy, and Captain Mordecai Myers, part of the 13th Pennsylvania Infantry (National Archives and Records, 3).

Extremely Disturbing Accident Essay

There was an extremely disturbing accident a couple of years ago. I will never be able to forget that scene which made Daniel lost his words and made him stay in the darkness for such a long time. Daniel was a wonderful man who cared about his family more than anything else. He had a lovely wife who was called Mary and between them, he had the most adorable daughter. I have never seen such a caring and loving family who knows to take care about their neighbors as well. They were especially kind to me who was living next door, old and alone. They knew I had no relatives so they often invited me at dinner and on the special occasions such as Christmas and Birthdays. They regarded me as a member of the family. We used to sing every night and, oh, I remember, the family was very fond of reciting poems. Therefore, we had this party in which all had to recite favorite poems very often. Daniel used to write the poems by himself and the poems were always about love in the family and each time, we were touched and impressed by high qualities of them. However, the happiness did not last long. On Daniel’s 40th Birthday, Mary and her daughter, Kate, and I planed to surprise him by taking a birthday cake and a lot of nice food to share with his friends to where Daniel was working. In spite of the fact that Daniel was very angry when we once visited him long time ago, he said the place is too dangerous, we were taking food to where Daniel was working. Having thought back about what he said, he was right; He did a lot of physical works for building up the structures and the place where he worked was very dangerous indeed. Kate was singing, excited with joys, she couldn’t wait to see her dad’s smile at her little- hand made birthday card. She was running down the hill and at the same time, I just realized that she is not safe any longer at that distance. Mary and I were running after her, shouting to stop, but it was too late. By accident, one of the workers dropped a huge-hard wooden material from high floor of the building, and Mary was hit by it so hard that even before the ambulance came to help her, she was already gone to the other world. Daniel thought her death was his fault and he quit the job. He acted like an insane person and people started to avoid him, even his wife gave up trying to turn him back to normal. At last, they got divorced in few months. I didn’t see Daniel for a few months around his house, and then I found him in his garden. I asked him whether he feels better and he always nodded at my questions. I noticed he became the person I used to know, the person before faced his daughter’s death, but I knew something was wrong. He was quiet, too quiet. His eyes were always full of sorrow and made my heart broke. They reminded me of Mary who was gone long ago. I did my best to make him to speak again, not out of pity, but I felt I am the one relative left to take care of him. He hardly got out from his room; it was so hard to make him to get along with people, to get socialized again. I thought it would be impossible to make him speak again unless Mary comes back to him. One day, I have succeeded to take him to the poetry club where he used to love to go and listen to the poems. I thought this rally was the last chance I have and played to God desperately. That, that was a miracle; he was listening the poems quietly and suddenly, he stood up. After a while he started to mumble something and soon he made a perfect sound. I was frozen, alert. The people around him listened to him. He found the music of speech which was concealed in this heart deeply for a long time. ‘When he is done, before the applause, we observed the flower’s silence. A thrush sings and the daffodils are flame†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢

Transpiration Lab Write Up

Transpiration Lab Write Up Purpose/Question: How do environmental factors affect the transpiration process in plants? Research: Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. It occurs chiefly at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis. Transpiration is not simply a hazard of plant life.It is the â€Å"engine† that pulls water up from the roots to supply photosynthesis (1%-2% of the total), bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesis within the leaf, and cool the leaf. There are four different conditions that affect transpiration. They are wind, humidity, heat, and light. These four conditions may change rate of water loss through transpiration by either losing more water, or less. Plants have adapted to create the C 4, and CAM pathway. In the both pathway the plant takes CO2 and stored.Since CO2 can be taken up and stored for later use in photosynthesis, the plant reduces water loss by having less stomata open during the day since most of its needed CO2 has already been taken up at night. With the abundance of CO2 stored, the plant can then use the stored CO2 for photosynthesis and reducing photorespiration by reducing or completely eliminating accidental O2 uptake. Materials: 1) 5 small plants 2) Fish tank 3) Water spray bottle 4) Water 5) Heat lamp 6) Fan 7) Regular lamp 8) Mass weighter ) Place to record weight Procedure: Place Lamp, Heat lamp, fan, and fish tank in different areas where they won’t affect the other. Spray the fish tank with water and to make a humid environment and keep spraying everyday to ensure the tank is wet. Water all of your plants. Weigh all the plants on the original day, Monday, and record the weight. Place a plant in every condition. With the extra plant, p lace it in an area without a specific condition to use as a control plant. Do not water the plants the rest of the week.Every day, weigh the plants and record its water loss for every plant. At the end of the week, create a chart for the amount of water loss and compare with the control plant. Data Table: Days | Monday| Tuesday| Wednesday| Thursday| Friday| Windy| 108. 2mg| 101. 1mg| 94. 1mg| 89. 7mg| 81. 7mg| Humidity| 103. 8mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 1mg| Light| 118. 8mg| 112. 1mg| 105. 0mg| 98. 4mg| 92. 9mg| Heat| 104. 3mg| 95. 8mg| 86. 8mg| 78. 7mg| 70. 1mg| Control| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| Analysis: Conclusion:Environmental factors, such as heat, humidity, light and wind, affect the rate of transpiration by making the plant loose either more or less water. In conditions such as wind, when there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is carried away and replaced by drier air. The opposite of that is the humidity where the plant lost very little water. It lost very little water because its environment was wet, so the plant did not need to diffuse much water.In heat, the air was hot and dry, so the plant lost water because it’s surrounding needed water to cool it down. Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30 °C, a leaf may transpire three times as fast as it does at 20 °C. Finally, light lost a steady amount of water because plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because light stimulates the opening of the stomata (mechanism). Light also speeds up transpiration by warming the leaf.I expected these results because it makes sense and I researched before completing the experiment. Some avoidable errors that could have happened would be accidentally splashing water on a plant or putting the conditions too close together. Some unavoidable errors could be the weather outside. Even if the experiment is conducted inside, the hot summer air or cold winter air could drift in the room, affecting the plants transpiration rate. Some further investigations I would make are things such as whether the type of plant affects the rate, or if the type of heat lamp or fan will change the results as well.

The History of Hypodermic Needles and Syringes

The History of Hypodermic Needles and Syringes Various forms of intravenous injection and infusion have been around as far back  as the late 1600s. However, it wasnt until 1853 that  Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood developed  a needle fine enough to pierce the skin.  The syringe  was the first device used to inject morphine as a painkiller.  The breakthrough also  eliminated  many of the technical difficulties facing those experimenting with blood transfusion. Credit for the evolution of the universally useful hypodermic syringe with its hollow, pointed needle is usually given to Dr. Wood. He came up with the invention after experimenting with a hollow needle for the administration of drugs and found that  the method was not necessarily limited to the administration of opiates. Eventually, he felt confident enough to publish a short paper in The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Review titled  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A New Method of Treating Neuralgia by the Direct Application of Opiates to the Painful Points.† At about the same time, Charles Gabriel Pravaz, of Lyon, was making a similar syringe that quickly came into use during surgeries under the name of the â€Å"Pravaz Syringe.† A Brief Timeline of Disposable Syringes Arthur E. Smith  received eight U.S. patents for disposable  syringes in 1949 and 1950.In 1954, Becton, Dickinson and Company  created the first mass-produced disposable syringe and needle produced in glass. It was developed for Dr. Jonas Salks mass administration of the new Salk polio vaccine for  one million American children.Roehr Products  introduced a plastic  disposable hypodermic syringe called the  Monoject in 1955.Colin Murdoch, a pharmacist from Timaru, New Zealand, patented a  plastic disposable syringe  to replace the glass syringe in 1956. Murdoch patented a total of 46 inventions,  including a silent burglar alarm, automatic syringes for vaccinating animals, the childproof bottle top and the tranquilizer gun.  In 1961, Becton Dickinson introduced its first plastic disposable syringe, the Plastipak.African American inventor  Phil Brooks  received a U.S. patent for a disposable syringe on April 9, 1974. Syringes for Vaccinations   Benjamin A. Rubin is credited for inventing the pronged vaccinating and testing needle or  vaccination needle. This was a refinement to the conventional syringe needle. Dr. Edward Jenner performed the first vaccination. The  English physician began to develop vaccines by studying the link between smallpox and cowpox, a milder disease.  He injected one boy with cowpox and found that the boy became immune to smallpox. Jenner published his findings in 1798. Within three years, as many as 100,000 people in Britain had been vaccinated against smallpox.   Alternatives to Syringes   The microneedle is a painless alternative to the needle and syringe. A  chemical engineering professor from the Georgia Institute of Technology named Mark Prausnitz  teamed up with electrical engineer Mark Allen to develop the prototype microneedle device. It is made up of 400 silicon-based microscopic needles - each the width of a human hair - and looks something like the nicotine patch used to help people quit smoking. Its tiny, hollow needles are so small that any medication can be delivered through the skin without reaching the nerve cells that create pain. Microelectronics within the device control the time and dosage of the medicine delivered. Another delivery device is the Hypospray. Developed by PowderJect Pharmaceuticals in Fremont, California, the  technology uses pressurized helium to spray dry powdered medications on the skin for absorption.

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Law - Essay Example As to ancient Rome, it was an empire that absorbed many of the western independent nations. When the empire fell, however, many of the rules and laws it imposed in commerce and in other areas also faded away. Nevertheless, many of the rules and principles of international law took root in the ancient Greco-Roman systems although such rules and principles were often employed as rules of religion and laws for international relations of one state with foreign states forming part of its municipal law. A. Ancient Greece Although the Greeks did not foster close relations with its neighbors, it had to deal with its components, the city-states, which are independent from each other. Each of the city-states (or polis) comprising Greece had their respective economic and political systems. Each was considered a religious community and the rules and laws that characterized their relationships were called religious obligations and not laws (Bederman 2001:33) Some of these were: the avoidance of w ar; if unavoidable, should be commenced only through a declaration; heralds or messengers not to be harmed; fallen soldiers in battles entitled to burial; in the event of a city’s capture, refugees in temples to be spared; prisoners of war cannot be killed, but only ransomed, enslaved or exchanged; priests and seers also to be spared (Kaczorowska 2010:8). Moreover, it was Greece that first developed a highly sophisticated system of arbitration and proxeny (state hospitality), which is the basis of diplomatic immunity (Kaczorowska 2010:2). Associations and federations were also periodically formed among city-states for the purpose of establishing non-interference agreements, full citizenship grants, offensive and defensive alliances or for religious reasons. With respect to other states, however, ancient Greece was in a perpetual state of war due to its experience in the Persian Wars in 500-479 BCE, when Persia invaded and captured its colonies (Bederman 36-37). B. Ancient Rom e Rome, which is considered the most influential of all ancient civilizations, entered into treaties with neighboring Latin states, but once it started to expand its empire it employed the principles of jus fetiale and jus gentium in conducting relations with foreign states. Jus fetiale are religious laws that governed wars. Wars must be underpinned by a reason, otherwise they are unjust. Jus gentium or the law of tribe, on the other hand, governed Rome’s conduct with non-Romans and the conduct of Roman citizens with non-Roman citizens. This body of laws was made up of norms and concepts that were believed to be common and acceptable to both Romans and non-Romans. It primarily regulated the relations between private individuals and was first crafted by the praetor peregrinus or special magistrate. Jus gentium has greatly influenced the European legal systems and public international law (Kaczorowska 2010:3). In addition, the doctrine of natural law, believed to have anteceded human rights, was first created by the Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece and was subsequently adopted by the Romans. This doctrine is underpinned by the existence of right reason as something inherent in man and nature and therefore, capable of being discovered (Kaczorowska 2010:9). C. Conclusion: Greco-Roman Influence on the UN Charter The avoidance of war as well as the principle of just war, which first appeared in ancient Greece as religious obligations and in ancient

Prototype Interface Design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Prototype Interface Design - Coursework Example The paper gives the details of a web browsing interface that will improve and enhance user’s web browsing in three dimensions; through automatically generating a mobile site for browsing, utilization of orientation sensor information to detect text to speech and natural interaction and offering a speech interface to simplify navigation and support iterative task’s dialog programming. The nature of the interface that a cell phone has can be an issue when the user finds it difficult and cannot accomplish a task effectively. User interface design refers to designing of the mobile phone interface with the primary focus on ht user’s interaction and experience. The primary objective of designing a user interface is to come up with the interface that will ensure that the user interact with the device with a lot of simplicity and efficiency in regards to accomplishing a task. Designing a good interface entails ensuring that the interface enables the user to finish the ta sk at hand without any ambiguity. Introduction According to Pew (2010), more that 80% of UK adult citizens has a mobile phone. More than 30 percent of these uses their mobile phones to access and browse the internet. The leading market researcher projects a drastic increase of mobile phone internet users in the next five years. Although different web browser have been standardized such that the user can access information on different platforms on the web, it has not been the case for some phones like unbranded small format keyfob phone. A survy that was carried out on 20 unbranded small format keyfob phone. The key contributing factor includes limited screen size, difficult navigation, finger issues and the ability to switch between different web locations. To facilitate a better user interaction and experience, web site developers have developed web site for mobile phones, which time-consuming and pricy (Bigham, J et al, 2008). Though the web site can be customized to be used by m obile phone browsers, there some features which cannot be effectively displayed in some phone due to navigation difficulties and limited screen size. In addition, the mobile users switch between browsing and other activities. The fat finger problem still becomes an issue when the user is carrying out multiple tasks in the phone. The paper tries to assess the issues that the unbranded small format keyfob phone users face and come up with a prototype web browsing interface that will solve the issues in three dimensions. First, the idea of recreating a website for mobile phones is replaced by developing gadget based interface that automatically transform any web site to fit the mobile phone using the web content. Second, is to solve the issue of lack of focus on the screen or the buttons when walking or driving using audio-to-text mobile comprehension (Vadas et al 2006). A combination of orientation sensor information with text to speech is also proposed to support the need for mobile phone web browser context switching. Third, is a speech interface integration to support dialog programming for repetitive task and ease web navigation. I will design a mobile web browser that will integrate all the above solution for an unbranded small format keyfob phone. A survey on unbranded keyfob phone usage Apart from mobile web browsers, there are other applications that can be used to access